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Ed25519 certificates in Tor
Table of Contents
1. Scope and Preliminaries
1.1. Signing
1.2. Integer encoding
2. Document formats
2.1. Ed25519 Certificates
2.2. Basic extensions
2.2.1. Signed-with-ed25519-key extension [type 04]
2.3. RSA->Ed25519 cross-certificate
A.1. List of certificate types (CERT_TYPE field)
A.2. List of extension types
A.3. List of signature prefixes
A.4. List of certified key types (CERT_KEY_TYPE field)
1. Scope and Preliminaries
This document describes a certificate format that Tor uses for
its Ed25519 internal certificates. It is not the only
certificate format that Tor uses. For the certificates that
authorities use for their signing keys, see dir-spec.txt.
Additionally, Tor uses TLS, which depends on X.509 certificates;
see tor-spec.txt for details.
The certificates in this document were first introduced in
proposal 220, and were first supported by Tor in Tor version
0.2.7.2-alpha.
1.1. Signing
All signatures here, unless otherwise specified, are computed
using an Ed25519 key.
In order to future-proof the format, before signing anything, the
signed document is prefixed with a personalization string, which
will be different in each case.
1.2. Integer encoding
Network byte order (big-endian) is used to encode all integer values
in Ed25519 certificates unless explicitly specified otherwise.
2. Document formats
2.1. Ed25519 Certificates
When generating a signing key, we also generate a certificate for it.
Unlike the certificates for authorities' signing keys, these
certificates need to be sent around frequently, in significant
numbers. So we'll choose a compact representation.
VERSION [1 Byte]
CERT_TYPE [1 Byte]
EXPIRATION_DATE [4 Bytes]
CERT_KEY_TYPE [1 byte]
CERTIFIED_KEY [32 Bytes]
N_EXTENSIONS [1 byte]
EXTENSIONS [N_EXTENSIONS times]
SIGNATURE [64 Bytes]
The "VERSION" field holds the value [01]. The "CERT_TYPE" field
holds a value depending on the type of certificate. (See appendix
A.1.) The CERTIFIED_KEY field is an Ed25519 public key if
CERT_KEY_TYPE is [01], or a digest of some other key type
depending on the value of CERT_KEY_TYPE. (See appendix A.4.)
The EXPIRATION_DATE is a date, given in HOURS since the epoch,
after which this certificate isn't valid. (A four-byte field here
will work fine until 10136 A.D.)
The EXTENSIONS field contains zero or more extensions, each of
the format:
ExtLength [2 bytes]
ExtType [1 byte]
ExtFlags [1 byte]
ExtData [ExtLength bytes]
The meaning of the ExtData field in an extension is type-dependent.
The ExtFlags field holds flags; this flag is currently defined:
1 -- AFFECTS_VALIDATION. If this flag is present, then the
extension affects whether the certificate is valid; clients
must not accept the certificate as valid unless they
understand the extension.
It is an error for an extension to be truncated; such a
certificate is invalid.
Before processing any certificate, parties SHOULD know which
identity key it is supposed to be signed by, and then check the
signature. The signature is formed by signing the first N-64
bytes of the certificate.
2.2. Basic extensions
2.2.1. Signed-with-ed25519-key extension [type 04]
In several places, it's desirable to bundle the key signing a
certificate along with the certificate. We do so with this
extension.
ExtLength = 32
ExtData =
An ed25519 key [32 bytes]
When this extension is present, it MUST match the key used to
sign the certificate.
2.3. RSA->Ed25519 cross-certificate
Certificate type [07] (Cross-certification of Ed25519 identity
with RSA key) contains the following data:
ED25519_KEY [32 bytes]
EXPIRATION_DATE [4 bytes]
SIGLEN [1 byte]
SIGNATURE [SIGLEN bytes]
Here, the Ed25519 identity key is signed with router's RSA
identity key, to indicate that authenticating with a key
certified by the Ed25519 key counts as certifying with RSA
identity key. (The signature is computed on the SHA256 hash of
the non-signature parts of the certificate, prefixed with the
string "Tor TLS RSA/Ed25519 cross-certificate".)
This certificate type is used to mean, "This Ed25519 identity key
acts with the authority of the RSA key that signed this
certificate."
A.1. List of certificate types (CERT_TYPE field)
The values marked with asterisks are not types corresponding to
the certificate format of section 2.1. Instead, they are
reserved for RSA-signed certificates to avoid conflicts between
the certificate type enumeration of the CERTS cell and the
certificate type enumeration of in our Ed25519 certificates.
**[00],[01],[02],[03] - Reserved to avoid conflict with types used
in CERTS cells.
[04] - Ed25519 signing key with an identity key
(see prop220 section 4.2)
[05] - TLS link certificate signed with ed25519 signing key
(see prop220 section 4.2)
[06] - Ed25519 authentication key signed with ed25519 signing key
(see prop220 section 4.2)
**[07] - Reserved for RSA identity cross-certification;
(see section 2.3 above, and tor-spec.txt section 4.2)
[08] - Onion service: short-term descriptor signing key, signed
with blinded public key.
(See rend-spec-v3.txt, section [DESC_OUTER])
[09] - Onion service: intro point authentication key, cross-certifying the
descriptor signing key.
(See rend-spec-v3.txt, description of "auth-key")
[0A] - ntor onion key cross-certifying ed25519 identity key
(see dir-spec.txt, description of "ntor-onion-key-crosscert")
[0B] - Onion service: ntor-extra encryption key, cross-certifying
descriptor signing key.
(see rend-spec-v3.txt, description of "enc-key-cert")
A.2. List of extension types
[04] - signed-with-ed25519-key (section 2.2.1)
A.3. List of signature prefixes
We describe various documents as being signed with a prefix. Here
are those prefixes:
"Tor router descriptor signature v1" (see dir-spec.txt)
A.4. List of certified key types (CERT_KEY_TYPE field)
[01] ed25519 key
[02] SHA256 hash of an RSA key. (Not currently used.)
[03] SHA256 hash of an X.509 certificate. (Used with certificate
type 5.)
(NOTE: Up till 0.4.5.1-alpha, all versions of Tor have incorrectly used
"01" for all types of certified key. Implementations SHOULD
allow "01" in this position, and infer the actual key type from
the CERT_TYPE field.)
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