[mod] replace searx.languages by searx.sxng_locales

With the language and region tags from the EngineTraitsMap the handling of
SearXNG's tags of languages and regions has been normalized and is no longer
a *mystery*.  The "languages" became "locales" that are supported by babel and
by this, the update_engine_traits.py can be simplified a lot.

Other code places can be simplified as well, but these simplifications
should (respectively can) only be done when none of the engines work with the
deprecated EngineTraits.supported_languages interface anymore.

This commit replaces searx.languages by searx.sxng_locales and fix the naming of
some names from "language" to "locale" (e.g. language_codes --> sxng_locales).

Signed-off-by: Markus Heiser <markus.heiser@darmarit.de>

10 files changed, 227 insertions, 298 deletions

diff --git a/docs/src/searx.locales.rst b/docs/src/searx.locales.rst
index 579247aff..2f13bfca1 100644
--- a/docs/src/searx.locales.rst
+++ b/docs/src/searx.locales.rst
@@ -4,5 +4,17 @@
 Locales
 =======
 
+.. contents:: Contents
+   :depth: 2
+   :local:
+   :backlinks: entry
+
 .. automodule:: searx.locales
   :members:
+
+
+SearXNG's locale codes
+======================
+
+.. automodule:: searx.sxng_locales
+  :members:
diff --git a/searx/query.py b/searx/query.py
index dbc52ec75..751308baa 100644
--- a/searx/query.py
+++ b/searx/query.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from abc import abstractmethod, ABC
 import re
 
 from searx import settings
-from searx.languages import language_codes
+from searx.sxng_locales import sxng_locales
 from searx.engines import categories, engines, engine_shortcuts
 from searx.external_bang import get_bang_definition_and_autocomplete
 from searx.search import EngineRef
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ class LanguageParser(QueryPartParser):
         found = False
         # check if any language-code is equal with
         # declared language-codes
-        for lc in language_codes:
+        for lc in sxng_locales:
             lang_id, lang_name, country, english_name, _flag = map(str.lower, lc)
 
             # if correct language-code is found
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ class LanguageParser(QueryPartParser):
                     self.raw_text_query.autocomplete_list.append(lang)
             return
 
-        for lc in language_codes:
+        for lc in sxng_locales:
             if lc[0] not in settings['search']['languages']:
                 continue
             lang_id, lang_name, country, english_name, _flag = map(str.lower, lc)
diff --git a/searx/settings_defaults.py b/searx/settings_defaults.py
index 6e98076ff..7f657aa54 100644
--- a/searx/settings_defaults.py
+++ b/searx/settings_defaults.py
@@ -12,13 +12,13 @@ import logging
 from base64 import b64decode
 from os.path import dirname, abspath
 
-from searx.languages import language_codes as languages
+from .sxng_locales import sxng_locales
 
 searx_dir = abspath(dirname(__file__))
 
 logger = logging.getLogger('searx')
 OUTPUT_FORMATS = ['html', 'csv', 'json', 'rss']
-LANGUAGE_CODES = ['all', 'auto'] + list(l[0] for l in languages)
+SXNG_LOCALE_TAGS = ['all', 'auto'] + list(l[0] for l in sxng_locales)
 SIMPLE_STYLE = ('auto', 'light', 'dark')
 CATEGORIES_AS_TABS = {
     'general': {},
@@ -156,8 +156,8 @@ SCHEMA = {
         'safe_search': SettingsValue((0, 1, 2), 0),
         'autocomplete': SettingsValue(str, ''),
         'autocomplete_min': SettingsValue(int, 4),
-        'default_lang': SettingsValue(tuple(LANGUAGE_CODES + ['']), ''),
-        'languages': SettingSublistValue(LANGUAGE_CODES, LANGUAGE_CODES),
+        'default_lang': SettingsValue(tuple(SXNG_LOCALE_TAGS + ['']), ''),
+        'languages': SettingSublistValue(SXNG_LOCALE_TAGS, SXNG_LOCALE_TAGS),
         'ban_time_on_fail': SettingsValue(numbers.Real, 5),
         'max_ban_time_on_fail': SettingsValue(numbers.Real, 120),
         'suspended_times': {
diff --git a/searx/languages.py b/searx/sxng_locales.py
index 377e7495b..110c4f17a 100644
--- a/searx/languages.py
+++ b/searx/sxng_locales.py
@@ -1,73 +1,128 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# list of language codes
-# this file is generated automatically by utils/fetch_languages.py
-language_codes = (
-    ('af-ZA', 'Afrikaans', 'Suid-Afrika', 'Afrikaans', '\U0001f1ff\U0001f1e6'),
+'''List of SearXNG's locale codes.
+
+This file is generated automatically by::
+
+   ./manage pyenv.cmd searxng_extra/update/update_engine_traits.py
+'''
+
+sxng_locales = (
+    ('ar', 'العربية', '', 'Arabic', '\U0001f310'),
     ('ar-EG', 'العربية', 'مصر', 'Arabic', '\U0001f1ea\U0001f1ec'),
-    ('be-BY', 'Беларуская', 'Беларусь', 'Belarusian', '\U0001f1e7\U0001f1fe'),
+    ('ar-SA', 'العربية', 'المملكة العربية السعودية', 'Arabic', '\U0001f1f8\U0001f1e6'),
+    ('bg', 'Български', '', 'Bulgarian', '\U0001f310'),
     ('bg-BG', 'Български', 'България', 'Bulgarian', '\U0001f1e7\U0001f1ec'),
+    ('ca', 'Català', '', 'Catalan', '\U0001f310'),
     ('ca-ES', 'Català', 'Espanya', 'Catalan', '\U0001f1ea\U0001f1f8'),
+    ('cs', 'Čeština', '', 'Czech', '\U0001f310'),
     ('cs-CZ', 'Čeština', 'Česko', 'Czech', '\U0001f1e8\U0001f1ff'),
+    ('da', 'Dansk', '', 'Danish', '\U0001f310'),
     ('da-DK', 'Dansk', 'Danmark', 'Danish', '\U0001f1e9\U0001f1f0'),
     ('de', 'Deutsch', '', 'German', '\U0001f310'),
     ('de-AT', 'Deutsch', 'Österreich', 'German', '\U0001f1e6\U0001f1f9'),
     ('de-CH', 'Deutsch', 'Schweiz', 'German', '\U0001f1e8\U0001f1ed'),
     ('de-DE', 'Deutsch', 'Deutschland', 'German', '\U0001f1e9\U0001f1ea'),
+    ('el', 'Ελληνικά', '', 'Greek', '\U0001f310'),
     ('el-GR', 'Ελληνικά', 'Ελλάδα', 'Greek', '\U0001f1ec\U0001f1f7'),
     ('en', 'English', '', 'English', '\U0001f310'),
     ('en-AU', 'English', 'Australia', 'English', '\U0001f1e6\U0001f1fa'),
     ('en-CA', 'English', 'Canada', 'English', '\U0001f1e8\U0001f1e6'),
     ('en-GB', 'English', 'United Kingdom', 'English', '\U0001f1ec\U0001f1e7'),
     ('en-IE', 'English', 'Ireland', 'English', '\U0001f1ee\U0001f1ea'),
-    ('en-MY', 'English', 'Malaysia', 'English', '\U0001f1f2\U0001f1fe'),
+    ('en-IN', 'English', 'India', 'English', '\U0001f1ee\U0001f1f3'),
     ('en-NZ', 'English', 'New Zealand', 'English', '\U0001f1f3\U0001f1ff'),
+    ('en-PH', 'English', 'Philippines', 'English', '\U0001f1f5\U0001f1ed'),
+    ('en-PK', 'English', 'Pakistan', 'English', '\U0001f1f5\U0001f1f0'),
+    ('en-SG', 'English', 'Singapore', 'English', '\U0001f1f8\U0001f1ec'),
     ('en-US', 'English', 'United States', 'English', '\U0001f1fa\U0001f1f8'),
+    ('en-ZA', 'English', 'South Africa', 'English', '\U0001f1ff\U0001f1e6'),
     ('es', 'Español', '', 'Spanish', '\U0001f310'),
     ('es-AR', 'Español', 'Argentina', 'Spanish', '\U0001f1e6\U0001f1f7'),
     ('es-CL', 'Español', 'Chile', 'Spanish', '\U0001f1e8\U0001f1f1'),
+    ('es-CO', 'Español', 'Colombia', 'Spanish', '\U0001f1e8\U0001f1f4'),
     ('es-ES', 'Español', 'España', 'Spanish', '\U0001f1ea\U0001f1f8'),
     ('es-MX', 'Español', 'México', 'Spanish', '\U0001f1f2\U0001f1fd'),
+    ('es-PE', 'Español', 'Perú', 'Spanish', '\U0001f1f5\U0001f1ea'),
+    ('et', 'Eesti', '', 'Estonian', '\U0001f310'),
     ('et-EE', 'Eesti', 'Eesti', 'Estonian', '\U0001f1ea\U0001f1ea'),
-    ('fa-IR', 'فارسی', 'ایران', 'Persian', '\U0001f1ee\U0001f1f7'),
+    ('fi', 'Suomi', '', 'Finnish', '\U0001f310'),
     ('fi-FI', 'Suomi', 'Suomi', 'Finnish', '\U0001f1eb\U0001f1ee'),
-    ('fil-PH', 'Filipino', 'Pilipinas', 'Filipino', '\U0001f1f5\U0001f1ed'),
     ('fr', 'Français', '', 'French', '\U0001f310'),
     ('fr-BE', 'Français', 'Belgique', 'French', '\U0001f1e7\U0001f1ea'),
     ('fr-CA', 'Français', 'Canada', 'French', '\U0001f1e8\U0001f1e6'),
     ('fr-CH', 'Français', 'Suisse', 'French', '\U0001f1e8\U0001f1ed'),
     ('fr-FR', 'Français', 'France', 'French', '\U0001f1eb\U0001f1f7'),
-    ('he-IL', 'עברית', 'ישראל', 'Hebrew', '\U0001f1ee\U0001f1f1'),
-    ('hi-IN', 'हिन्दी', 'भारत', 'Hindi', '\U0001f1ee\U0001f1f3'),
+    ('he', 'עברית', '', 'Hebrew', '\U0001f1ee\U0001f1f7'),
+    ('hr', 'Hrvatski', '', 'Croatian', '\U0001f310'),
     ('hr-HR', 'Hrvatski', 'Hrvatska', 'Croatian', '\U0001f1ed\U0001f1f7'),
+    ('hu', 'Magyar', '', 'Hungarian', '\U0001f310'),
     ('hu-HU', 'Magyar', 'Magyarország', 'Hungarian', '\U0001f1ed\U0001f1fa'),
+    ('id', 'Indonesia', '', 'Indonesian', '\U0001f310'),
     ('id-ID', 'Indonesia', 'Indonesia', 'Indonesian', '\U0001f1ee\U0001f1e9'),
-    ('is-IS', 'Íslenska', 'Ísland', 'Icelandic', '\U0001f1ee\U0001f1f8'),
+    ('it', 'Italiano', '', 'Italian', '\U0001f310'),
+    ('it-CH', 'Italiano', 'Svizzera', 'Italian', '\U0001f1e8\U0001f1ed'),
     ('it-IT', 'Italiano', 'Italia', 'Italian', '\U0001f1ee\U0001f1f9'),
+    ('ja', '日本語', '', 'Japanese', '\U0001f310'),
     ('ja-JP', '日本語', '日本', 'Japanese', '\U0001f1ef\U0001f1f5'),
+    ('ko', '한국어', '', 'Korean', '\U0001f310'),
     ('ko-KR', '한국어', '대한민국', 'Korean', '\U0001f1f0\U0001f1f7'),
+    ('lt', 'Lietuvių', '', 'Lithuanian', '\U0001f310'),
     ('lt-LT', 'Lietuvių', 'Lietuva', 'Lithuanian', '\U0001f1f1\U0001f1f9'),
+    ('lv', 'Latviešu', '', 'Latvian', '\U0001f310'),
     ('lv-LV', 'Latviešu', 'Latvija', 'Latvian', '\U0001f1f1\U0001f1fb'),
+    ('nb', 'Norsk Bokmål', '', 'Norwegian Bokmål', '\U0001f310'),
+    ('nb-NO', 'Norsk Bokmål', 'Norge', 'Norwegian Bokmål', '\U0001f1f3\U0001f1f4'),
     ('nl', 'Nederlands', '', 'Dutch', '\U0001f310'),
     ('nl-BE', 'Nederlands', 'België', 'Dutch', '\U0001f1e7\U0001f1ea'),
     ('nl-NL', 'Nederlands', 'Nederland', 'Dutch', '\U0001f1f3\U0001f1f1'),
-    ('no-NO', 'Norsk', '', 'Norwegian (Bokmål)', '\U0001f1f3\U0001f1f4'),
+    ('pl', 'Polski', '', 'Polish', '\U0001f310'),
     ('pl-PL', 'Polski', 'Polska', 'Polish', '\U0001f1f5\U0001f1f1'),
     ('pt', 'Português', '', 'Portuguese', '\U0001f310'),
     ('pt-BR', 'Português', 'Brasil', 'Portuguese', '\U0001f1e7\U0001f1f7'),
     ('pt-PT', 'Português', 'Portugal', 'Portuguese', '\U0001f1f5\U0001f1f9'),
+    ('ro', 'Română', '', 'Romanian', '\U0001f310'),
     ('ro-RO', 'Română', 'România', 'Romanian', '\U0001f1f7\U0001f1f4'),
+    ('ru', 'Русский', '', 'Russian', '\U0001f310'),
     ('ru-RU', 'Русский', 'Россия', 'Russian', '\U0001f1f7\U0001f1fa'),
+    ('sk', 'Slovenčina', '', 'Slovak', '\U0001f310'),
     ('sk-SK', 'Slovenčina', 'Slovensko', 'Slovak', '\U0001f1f8\U0001f1f0'),
+    ('sl', 'Slovenščina', '', 'Slovenian', '\U0001f310'),
     ('sl-SI', 'Slovenščina', 'Slovenija', 'Slovenian', '\U0001f1f8\U0001f1ee'),
-    ('sr-RS', 'Српски', 'Србија', 'Serbian', '\U0001f1f7\U0001f1f8'),
+    ('sv', 'Svenska', '', 'Swedish', '\U0001f310'),
     ('sv-SE', 'Svenska', 'Sverige', 'Swedish', '\U0001f1f8\U0001f1ea'),
-    ('sw-TZ', 'Kiswahili', 'Tanzania', 'Swahili', '\U0001f1f9\U0001f1ff'),
+    ('th', 'ไทย', '', 'Thai', '\U0001f310'),
     ('th-TH', 'ไทย', 'ไทย', 'Thai', '\U0001f1f9\U0001f1ed'),
+    ('tr', 'Türkçe', '', 'Turkish', '\U0001f310'),
     ('tr-TR', 'Türkçe', 'Türkiye', 'Turkish', '\U0001f1f9\U0001f1f7'),
+    ('uk', 'Українська', '', 'Ukrainian', '\U0001f310'),
     ('uk-UA', 'Українська', 'Україна', 'Ukrainian', '\U0001f1fa\U0001f1e6'),
+    ('vi', 'Tiếng Việt', '', 'Vietnamese', '\U0001f310'),
     ('vi-VN', 'Tiếng Việt', 'Việt Nam', 'Vietnamese', '\U0001f1fb\U0001f1f3'),
     ('zh', '中文', '', 'Chinese', '\U0001f310'),
     ('zh-CN', '中文', '中国', 'Chinese', '\U0001f1e8\U0001f1f3'),
     ('zh-HK', '中文', '中國香港', 'Chinese', '\U0001f1ed\U0001f1f0'),
     ('zh-TW', '中文', '台灣', 'Chinese', '\U0001f1f9\U0001f1fc'),
 )
+'''
+A list of five-digit tuples:
+
+0. SearXNG's internal locale tag (a language or region tag)
+1. Name of the language (:py:obj:`babel.core.Locale.get_language_name`)
+2. For region tags the name of the region (:py:obj:`babel.core.Locale.get_territory_name`).
+   Empty string for language tags.
+3. English language name (from :py:obj:`babel.core.Locale.english_name`)
+4. Unicode flag (emoji) that fits to SearXNG's internal region tag. Languages
+   are represented by a globe (🌐)
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   ('en',    'English', '',              'English', '🌐'),
+   ('en-CA', 'English', 'Canada',        'English', '🇨🇦'),
+   ('en-US', 'English', 'United States', 'English', '🇺🇸'),
+   ..
+   ('fr',    'Français', '',             'French',  '🌐'),
+   ('fr-BE', 'Français', 'Belgique',     'French',  '🇧🇪'),
+   ('fr-CA', 'Français', 'Canada',       'French',  '🇨🇦'),
+
+:meta hide-value:
+'''
diff --git a/searx/templates/simple/filters/languages.html b/searx/templates/simple/filters/languages.html
index 54e07e209..a42a304a5 100644
--- a/searx/templates/simple/filters/languages.html
+++ b/searx/templates/simple/filters/languages.html
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 <select class="language" id="language" name="language" aria-label="{{ _('Search language') }}">{{- '' -}}
-	<option value="all" {% if current_language == 'all' %}selected="selected"{% endif %}>{{ _('Default language') }}</option>
+	<option value="all" {% if current_language == 'all' %}selected="selected"{% endif %}>{{ _('Default language') }} [all]</option>
 	<option value="auto" {% if current_language == 'auto' %}selected="selected"{% endif %}>
 		{{- _('Auto-detect') -}}
 		{%- if current_language == 'auto' %} ({{ search_language }}){%- endif -%}
 	</option>
-	{%- for lang_id,lang_name,country_name,english_name,flag in language_codes | sort(attribute=1) -%}
-	<option value="{{ lang_id }}" {% if lang_id == current_language %}selected="selected"{% endif %}>
-		{% if flag %}{{ flag }} {% endif%} {{- lang_name }} {% if country_name %}({{ country_name }}) {% endif %}
+	{%- for sxng_tag,lang_name,country_name,english_name,flag in sxng_locales | sort(attribute=1) -%}
+	<option value="{{ sxng_tag }}" {% if sxng_tag == current_language %}selected="selected"{% endif %}>
+		{% if flag %}{{ flag }} {% endif%} {{- lang_name }} {% if country_name %} - {{ country_name }} {% endif %} [{{sxng_tag}}]
 	</option>
 	{%- endfor -%}
 </select>
diff --git a/searx/templates/simple/preferences.html b/searx/templates/simple/preferences.html
index 9626b04d4..a0cc8efc2 100644
--- a/searx/templates/simple/preferences.html
+++ b/searx/templates/simple/preferences.html
@@ -115,10 +115,10 @@
       <legend id="pref_language">{{ _('Search language') }}</legend>
       <p class="value">{{- '' -}}
         <select name='language' aria-labelledby="pref_language" aria-describedby="desc_language">{{- '' -}}
-          <option value="all" {% if current_language == 'all' %}selected="selected"{% endif %}>{{ _('Default language') }}</option>
-          <option value="auto" {% if current_language == 'auto' %}selected="selected"{% endif %}>{{ _('Auto-detect') }}</option>
-          {%- for lang_id,lang_name,country_name,english_name,flag in language_codes | sort(attribute=1) -%}
-          <option value="{{ lang_id }}" {% if lang_id == current_language %}selected="selected"{% endif %}>{% if flag %}{{ flag }} {% endif%} {{- lang_name }} {% if country_name %}({{ country_name }}) {% endif %}</option>
+          <option value="all" {% if current_language == 'all' %}selected="selected"{% endif %}>{{ _('Default language') }} [all]</option>
+          <option value="auto" {% if current_language == 'auto' %}selected="selected"{% endif %}>{{ _('Auto-detect') }} [auto]</option>
+          {%- for sxng_tag,lang_name,country_name,english_name,flag in sxng_locales | sort(attribute=1) -%}
+          <option value="{{ sxng_tag }}" {% if sxng_tag == current_language %}selected="selected"{% endif %}>{% if flag %}{{ flag }} {% endif%} {{- lang_name }} {% if country_name %} - {{ country_name }} {% endif %} [{{sxng_tag}}]</option>
           {%- endfor -%}
         </select>{{- '' -}}
       </p>
diff --git a/searx/utils.py b/searx/utils.py
index e6180906b..f7a71b649 100644
--- a/searx/utils.py
+++ b/searx/utils.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ from babel.core import get_global
 from searx import settings
 from searx.data import USER_AGENTS, data_dir
 from searx.version import VERSION_TAG
-from searx.languages import language_codes
+from searx.sxng_locales import sxng_locales
 from searx.exceptions import SearxXPathSyntaxException, SearxEngineXPathException
 from searx import logger
 
@@ -53,8 +53,8 @@ _LANG_TO_LC_CACHE: Dict[str, Dict[str, str]] = {}
 _FASTTEXT_MODEL: Optional["fasttext.FastText._FastText"] = None
 """fasttext model to predict laguage of a search term"""
 
-SEARCH_LANGUAGE_CODES = frozenset([searxng_locale[0].split('-')[0] for searxng_locale in language_codes])
-"""Languages supported by most searxng engines (:py:obj:`searx.languages.language_codes`)."""
+SEARCH_LANGUAGE_CODES = frozenset([searxng_locale[0].split('-')[0] for searxng_locale in sxng_locales])
+"""Languages supported by most searxng engines (:py:obj:`searx.sxng_locales.sxng_locales`)."""
 
 
 class _NotSetClass:  # pylint: disable=too-few-public-methods
@@ -355,11 +355,11 @@ def is_valid_lang(lang) -> Optional[Tuple[bool, str, str]]:
     is_abbr = len(lang) == 2
     lang = lang.lower()
     if is_abbr:
-        for l in language_codes:
+        for l in sxng_locales:
             if l[0][:2] == lang:
                 return (True, l[0][:2], l[3].lower())
         return None
-    for l in language_codes:
+    for l in sxng_locales:
         if l[1].lower() == lang or l[3].lower() == lang:
             return (True, l[0][:2], l[3].lower())
     return None
diff --git a/searx/webapp.py b/searx/webapp.py
index e62badaf7..fdd119128 100755
--- a/searx/webapp.py
+++ b/searx/webapp.py
@@ -121,8 +121,8 @@ from searx.locales import (
 
 # renaming names from searx imports ...
 from searx.autocomplete import search_autocomplete, backends as autocomplete_backends
-from searx.languages import language_codes as languages
 from searx.redisdb import initialize as redis_initialize
+from searx.sxng_locales import sxng_locales
 from searx.search import SearchWithPlugins, initialize as search_initialize
 from searx.network import stream as http_stream, set_context_network_name
 from searx.search.checker import get_result as checker_get_result
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ def render(template_name: str, **kwargs):
     kwargs['OTHER_CATEGORY'] = OTHER_CATEGORY
 
     # i18n
-    kwargs['language_codes'] = [l for l in languages if l[0] in settings['search']['languages']]
+    kwargs['sxng_locales'] = [l for l in sxng_locales if l[0] in settings['search']['languages']]
 
     locale = request.preferences.get_value('locale')
     kwargs['locale_rfc5646'] = _get_locale_rfc5646(locale)
diff --git a/searxng_extra/update/update_engine_traits.py b/searxng_extra/update/update_engine_traits.py
index 9630d6d24..7449912dc 100755
--- a/searxng_extra/update/update_engine_traits.py
+++ b/searxng_extra/update/update_engine_traits.py
@@ -18,40 +18,52 @@ the :origin:`CI Update data ... <.github/workflows/data-update.yml>`
 from unicodedata import lookup
 from pathlib import Path
 from pprint import pformat
-from babel import Locale, UnknownLocaleError
-from babel.languages import get_global
-from babel.core import parse_locale
+import babel
 
 from searx import settings, searx_dir
 from searx import network
-from searx.engines import load_engines, engines
+from searx.engines import load_engines
 from searx.enginelib.traits import EngineTraitsMap
 
 # Output files.
-languages_file = Path(searx_dir) / 'languages.py'
+languages_file = Path(searx_dir) / 'sxng_locales.py'
+languages_file_header = """\
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+'''List of SearXNG's locale codes.
 
+This file is generated automatically by::
 
-def fetch_traits_map():
-    """Fetchs supported languages for each engine and writes json file with those."""
-    network.set_timeout_for_thread(10.0)
-
-    def log(msg):
-        print(msg)
+   ./manage pyenv.cmd searxng_extra/update/update_engine_traits.py
+'''
 
-    traits_map = EngineTraitsMap.fetch_traits(log=log)
-    print("fetched properties from %s engines" % len(traits_map))
-    print("write json file: %s" % traits_map.ENGINE_TRAITS_FILE)
-    traits_map.save_data()
-    return traits_map
-
-
-# Get babel Locale object from lang_code if possible.
-def get_locale(lang_code):
-    try:
-        locale = Locale.parse(lang_code, sep='-')
-        return locale
-    except (UnknownLocaleError, ValueError):
-        return None
+sxng_locales = (
+"""
+languages_file_footer = """,
+)
+'''
+A list of five-digit tuples:
+
+0. SearXNG's internal locale tag (a language or region tag)
+1. Name of the language (:py:obj:`babel.core.Locale.get_language_name`)
+2. For region tags the name of the region (:py:obj:`babel.core.Locale.get_territory_name`).
+   Empty string for language tags.
+3. English language name (from :py:obj:`babel.core.Locale.english_name`)
+4. Unicode flag (emoji) that fits to SearXNG's internal region tag. Languages
+   are represented by a globe (\U0001F310)
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   ('en',    'English', '',              'English', '\U0001f310'),
+   ('en-CA', 'English', 'Canada',        'English', '\U0001f1e8\U0001f1e6'),
+   ('en-US', 'English', 'United States', 'English', '\U0001f1fa\U0001f1f8'),
+   ..
+   ('fr',    'Français', '',             'French',  '\U0001f310'),
+   ('fr-BE', 'Français', 'Belgique',     'French',  '\U0001f1e7\U0001f1ea'),
+   ('fr-CA', 'Français', 'Canada',       'French',  '\U0001f1e8\U0001f1e6'),
+
+:meta hide-value:
+'''
+"""
 
 
 lang2emoji = {
@@ -63,249 +75,76 @@ lang2emoji = {
 }
 
 
-def get_unicode_flag(lang_code):
-    """Determine a unicode flag (emoji) that fits to the ``lang_code``"""
+def main():
+    load_engines(settings['engines'])
+    # traits_map = EngineTraitsMap.from_data()
+    traits_map = fetch_traits_map()
+    sxng_tag_list = filter_locales(traits_map)
+    write_languages_file(sxng_tag_list)
 
-    emoji = lang2emoji.get(lang_code.lower())
-    if emoji:
-        return emoji
 
-    if len(lang_code) == 2:
-        return '\U0001F310'
+def fetch_traits_map():
+    """Fetchs supported languages for each engine and writes json file with those."""
+    network.set_timeout_for_thread(10.0)
 
-    language = territory = script = variant = ''
-    try:
-        language, territory, script, variant = parse_locale(lang_code, '-')
-    except ValueError as exc:
-        print(exc)
-
-    # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-2
-    if not territory:
-        # https://www.unicode.org/emoji/charts/emoji-list.html#country-flag
-        emoji = lang2emoji.get(language)
-        if not emoji:
-            print(
-                "%s --> language: %s / territory: %s / script: %s / variant: %s"
-                % (lang_code, language, territory, script, variant)
-            )
-        return emoji
+    def log(msg):
+        print(msg)
 
-    emoji = lang2emoji.get(territory.lower())
-    if emoji:
-        return emoji
+    traits_map = EngineTraitsMap.fetch_traits(log=log)
+    print("fetched properties from %s engines" % len(traits_map))
+    print("write json file: %s" % traits_map.ENGINE_TRAITS_FILE)
+    traits_map.save_data()
+    return traits_map
 
-    try:
-        c1 = lookup('REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER ' + territory[0])
-        c2 = lookup('REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER ' + territory[1])
-        # print("%s --> territory: %s --> %s%s" %(lang_code, territory, c1, c2 ))
-    except KeyError as exc:
-        print("%s --> territory: %s --> %s" % (lang_code, territory, exc))
-        return None
 
-    return c1 + c2
+def filter_locales(traits_map: EngineTraitsMap):
+    """Filter language & region tags by a threshold."""
 
+    min_eng_per_region = 11
+    min_eng_per_lang = 13
 
-def get_territory_name(lang_code):
-    country_name = None
-    locale = get_locale(lang_code)
-    try:
-        if locale is not None:
-            country_name = locale.get_territory_name()
-    except FileNotFoundError as exc:
-        print("ERROR: %s --> %s" % (locale, exc))
-    return country_name
-
-
-def join_language_lists(traits_map: EngineTraitsMap):
-    """Join all languages of the engines into one list.  The returned language list
-    contains language codes (``zh``) and region codes (``zh-TW``).  The codes can
-    be parsed by babel::
-
-      babel.Locale.parse(language_list[n])
-    """
-    # pylint: disable=too-many-branches
-    language_list = {}
-
-    for eng_name, eng_traits in traits_map.items():
-        eng = engines[eng_name]
-        eng_codes = set()
-
-        if eng_traits.data_type == 'traits_v1':
-            # items of type 'engine_traits' do have regions & languages, the
-            # list of eng_codes should contain both.
-            eng_codes.update(eng_traits.regions.keys())
-            eng_codes.update(eng_traits.languages.keys())
-
-        elif eng_traits.data_type == 'supported_languages':
-            # vintage / deprecated
-            _codes = set()
-            if isinstance(eng_traits.supported_languages, dict):
-                _codes.update(eng_traits.supported_languages.keys())
-            elif isinstance(eng_traits.supported_languages, list):
-                _codes.update(eng_traits.supported_languages)
-            else:
-                raise TypeError('engine.supported_languages type %s is unknown' % type(eng_traits.supported_languages))
-
-            for lang_code in _codes:
-                # apply custom fixes if necessary
-                if lang_code in getattr(eng, 'language_aliases', {}).values():
-                    lang_code = next(lc for lc, alias in eng.language_aliases.items() if lang_code == alias)
-                eng_codes.add(lang_code)
-
-        for lang_code in eng_codes:
-
-            locale = get_locale(lang_code)
-
-            # ensure that lang_code uses standard language and country codes
-            if locale and locale.territory:
-                lang_code = "{lang}-{country}".format(lang=locale.language, country=locale.territory)
-            short_code = lang_code.split('-')[0]
-
-            # add language without country if not in list
-            if short_code not in language_list:
-                if locale:
-                    # get language's data from babel's Locale object
-                    language_name = locale.get_language_name().title()
-                    english_name = locale.english_name.split(' (')[0]
-                elif short_code in traits_map['wikipedia'].supported_languages:
-                    # get language's data from wikipedia if not known by babel
-                    language_name = traits_map['wikipedia'].supported_languages[short_code]['name']
-                    english_name = traits_map['wikipedia'].supported_languages[short_code]['english_name']
-                else:
-                    language_name = None
-                    english_name = None
-
-                # add language to list
-                language_list[short_code] = {
-                    'name': language_name,
-                    'english_name': english_name,
-                    'counter': set(),
-                    'countries': {},
-                }
-
-            # add language with country if not in list
-            if lang_code != short_code and lang_code not in language_list[short_code]['countries']:
-                country_name = ''
-                if locale:
-                    # get country name from babel's Locale object
-                    try:
-                        country_name = locale.get_territory_name()
-                    except FileNotFoundError as exc:
-                        print("ERROR: %s --> %s" % (locale, exc))
-                        locale = None
-
-                language_list[short_code]['countries'][lang_code] = {
-                    'country_name': country_name,
-                    'counter': set(),
-                }
-
-            # count engine for both language_country combination and language alone
-            language_list[short_code]['counter'].add(eng_name)
-            if lang_code != short_code:
-                language_list[short_code]['countries'][lang_code]['counter'].add(eng_name)
-
-    return language_list
-
-
-# Filter language list so it only includes the most supported languages and countries
-def filter_language_list(joined_languages_map):
-    min_engines_per_lang = 12
-    min_engines_per_country = 7
-    # pylint: disable=consider-using-dict-items, consider-iterating-dictionary
-    main_engines = [
-        engine_name
-        for engine_name in engines.keys()
-        if 'general' in engines[engine_name].categories
-        and hasattr(engines[engine_name], 'supported_languages')
-        and engines[engine_name].supported_languages
-        and not engines[engine_name].disabled
-    ]
-
-    # filter list to include only languages supported by most engines or all default general engines
-    filtered_languages = {
-        code: lang
-        for code, lang in joined_languages_map.items()
-        if (
-            len(lang['counter']) >= min_engines_per_lang
-            or all(main_engine in lang['counter'] for main_engine in main_engines)
-        )
-    }
-
-    def _copy_lang_data(lang, country_name=None):
-        new_dict = {}
-        new_dict['name'] = joined_languages_map[lang]['name']
-        new_dict['english_name'] = joined_languages_map[lang]['english_name']
-        if country_name:
-            new_dict['country_name'] = country_name
-        return new_dict
-
-    # for each language get country codes supported by most engines or at least one country code
-    filtered_languages_with_countries = {}
-    for lang, lang_data in filtered_languages.items():
-        countries = lang_data['countries']
-        filtered_countries = {}
-
-        # get language's country codes with enough supported engines
-        for lang_country, country_data in countries.items():
-            if len(country_data['counter']) >= min_engines_per_country:
-                filtered_countries[lang_country] = _copy_lang_data(lang, country_data['country_name'])
-
-        # add language without countries too if there's more than one country to choose from
-        if len(filtered_countries) > 1:
-            filtered_countries[lang] = _copy_lang_data(lang, None)
-        elif len(filtered_countries) == 1:
-            lang_country = next(iter(filtered_countries))
-
-        # if no country has enough engines try to get most likely country code from babel
-        if not filtered_countries:
-            lang_country = None
-            subtags = get_global('likely_subtags').get(lang)
-            if subtags:
-                country_code = subtags.split('_')[-1]
-                if len(country_code) == 2:
-                    lang_country = "{lang}-{country}".format(lang=lang, country=country_code)
-
-            if lang_country:
-                filtered_countries[lang_country] = _copy_lang_data(lang, None)
-            else:
-                filtered_countries[lang] = _copy_lang_data(lang, None)
-
-        filtered_languages_with_countries.update(filtered_countries)
-
-    return filtered_languages_with_countries
+    _ = {}
+    for eng in traits_map.values():
+        for reg in eng.regions.keys():
+            _[reg] = _.get(reg, 0) + 1
 
+    regions = set(k for k, v in _.items() if v >= min_eng_per_region)
+    lang_from_region = set(k.split('-')[0] for k in regions)
 
-class UnicodeEscape(str):
-    """Escape unicode string in :py:obj:`pprint.pformat`"""
+    _ = {}
+    for eng in traits_map.values():
+        for lang in eng.languages.keys():
+            # ignore script types like zh_Hant, zh_Hans or sr_Latin, pa_Arab (they
+            # already counted by existence of 'zh' or 'sr', 'pa')
+            if '_' in lang:
+                # print("ignore %s" % lang)
+                continue
+            _[lang] = _.get(lang, 0) + 1
 
-    def __repr__(self):
-        return "'" + "".join([chr(c) for c in self.encode('unicode-escape')]) + "'"
+    languages = set(k for k, v in _.items() if v >= min_eng_per_lang)
 
+    sxng_tag_list = set()
+    sxng_tag_list.update(regions)
+    sxng_tag_list.update(lang_from_region)
+    sxng_tag_list.update(languages)
 
-# Write languages.py.
-def write_languages_file(languages):
-    file_headers = (
-        "# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-",
-        "# list of language codes",
-        "# this file is generated automatically by utils/fetch_languages.py",
-        "language_codes = (\n",
-    )
+    return sxng_tag_list
+
+
+def write_languages_file(sxng_tag_list):
 
     language_codes = []
 
-    for code in sorted(languages):
+    for sxng_tag in sorted(sxng_tag_list):
+        sxng_locale: babel.Locale = babel.Locale.parse(sxng_tag, sep='-')
 
-        name = languages[code]['name']
-        if name is None:
-            print("ERROR: languages['%s'] --> %s" % (code, languages[code]))
-            continue
+        flag = get_unicode_flag(sxng_locale) or ''
 
-        flag = get_unicode_flag(code) or ''
         item = (
-            code,
-            languages[code]['name'].split(' (')[0],
-            get_territory_name(code) or '',
-            languages[code].get('english_name') or '',
+            sxng_tag,
+            sxng_locale.get_language_name().title(),
+            sxng_locale.get_territory_name() or '',
+            sxng_locale.english_name.split(' (')[0],
             UnicodeEscape(flag),
         )
 
@@ -314,22 +153,45 @@ def write_languages_file(languages):
     language_codes = tuple(language_codes)
 
     with open(languages_file, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as new_file:
-        file_content = "{file_headers} {language_codes},\n)\n".format(
-            # fmt: off
-            file_headers = '\n'.join(file_headers),
-            language_codes = pformat(language_codes, indent=4)[1:-1]
-            # fmt: on
+        file_content = "{header} {language_codes}{footer}".format(
+            header=languages_file_header,
+            language_codes=pformat(language_codes, width=120, indent=4)[1:-1],
+            footer=languages_file_footer,
         )
         new_file.write(file_content)
         new_file.close()
 
 
-def main():
-    load_engines(settings['engines'])
-    traits_map = fetch_traits_map()
-    joined_languages_map = join_language_lists(traits_map)
-    filtered_languages = filter_language_list(joined_languages_map)
-    write_languages_file(filtered_languages)
+class UnicodeEscape(str):
+    """Escape unicode string in :py:obj:`pprint.pformat`"""
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "'" + "".join([chr(c) for c in self.encode('unicode-escape')]) + "'"
+
+
+def get_unicode_flag(locale: babel.Locale):
+    """Determine a unicode flag (emoji) that fits to the ``locale``"""
+
+    emoji = lang2emoji.get(locale.language)
+    if emoji:
+        return emoji
+
+    if not locale.territory:
+        return '\U0001F310'
+
+    emoji = lang2emoji.get(locale.territory.lower())
+    if emoji:
+        return emoji
+
+    try:
+        c1 = lookup('REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER ' + locale.territory[0])
+        c2 = lookup('REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER ' + locale.territory[1])
+        # print("OK   : %s --> %s%s" % (locale, c1, c2))
+    except KeyError as exc:
+        print("ERROR: %s --> %s" % (locale, exc))
+        return None
+
+    return c1 + c2
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
diff --git a/searxng_extra/update/update_osm_keys_tags.py b/searxng_extra/update/update_osm_keys_tags.py
index 72197498d..72f3d61c5 100755
--- a/searxng_extra/update/update_osm_keys_tags.py
+++ b/searxng_extra/update/update_osm_keys_tags.py
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ from pathlib import Path
 from searx import searx_dir
 from searx.network import set_timeout_for_thread
 from searx.engines import wikidata, set_loggers
-from searx.languages import language_codes
+from searx.sxng_locales import sxng_locales
 from searx.engines.openstreetmap import get_key_rank, VALUE_TO_LINK
 
 set_loggers(wikidata, 'wikidata')
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ GROUP BY ?key ?item ?itemLabel
 ORDER BY ?key ?item ?itemLabel
 """
 
-LANGUAGES = [l[0].lower() for l in language_codes]
+LANGUAGES = [l[0].lower() for l in sxng_locales]
 
 PRESET_KEYS = {
     ('wikidata',): {'en': 'Wikidata'},