runtime: don't attempt to steal from idle Ps

Work stealing is a scalability bottleneck in the scheduler. Since each P
has a work queue, work stealing must look at every P to determine if
there is any work. The number of Ps scales linearly with GOMAXPROCS
(i.e., the number of Ps _is_ GOMAXPROCS), thus this work scales linearly
with GOMAXPROCS.

Work stealing is a later attempt by a P to find work before it goes
idle. Since the P has no work of its own, extra costs here tend not to
directly affect application-level benchmarks. Where they show up is
extra CPU usage by the process as a whole. These costs get particularly
expensive for applications that transition between blocked and running
frequently.

Long term, we need a more scalable approach in general, but for now we
can make a simple observation: idle Ps ([1]) cannot possibly have
anything in their runq, so we need not bother checking at all.

We track idle Ps via a new global bitmap, updated in pidleput/pidleget.
This is already a slow path (requires sched.lock), so we don't expect
high contention there.

Using a single bitmap avoids the need to touch every P to read p.status.
Currently, the bitmap approach is not significantly better than reading
p.status. However, in a future CL I'd like to apply a similiar
optimization to timers. Once done, findrunnable would not touch most Ps
at all (in mostly idle programs), which will avoid memory latency to
pull those Ps into cache.

When reading this bitmap, we are racing with Ps going in and out of
idle, so there are a few cases to consider:

1. _Prunning -> _Pidle: Running P goes idle after we check the bitmap.
In this case, we will try to steal (and find nothing) so there is no
harm.

2. _Pidle -> _Prunning while spinning: A P that starts running may queue
new work that we miss. This is OK: (a) that P cannot go back to sleep
without completing its work, and (b) more fundamentally, we will recheck
after we drop our P.

3. _Pidle -> _Prunning after spinning: After spinning, we really can
miss work from a newly woken P. (a) above still applies here as well,
but this is also the same delicate dance case described in findrunnable:
if nothing is spinning anymore, the other P will unpark a thread to run
the work it submits.

Benchmark results from WakeupParallel/syscall/pair/race/1ms (see
golang.org/cl/228577):

name                            old msec          new msec   delta
Perf-task-clock-8               250 ± 1%          247 ± 4%     ~     (p=0.690 n=5+5)
Perf-task-clock-16              258 ± 2%          259 ± 2%     ~     (p=0.841 n=5+5)
Perf-task-clock-32              284 ± 2%          270 ± 4%   -4.94%  (p=0.032 n=5+5)
Perf-task-clock-64              326 ± 3%          303 ± 2%   -6.92%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
Perf-task-clock-128             407 ± 2%          363 ± 5%  -10.69%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
Perf-task-clock-256             561 ± 1%          481 ± 1%  -14.20%  (p=0.016 n=4+5)
Perf-task-clock-512             840 ± 5%          683 ± 2%  -18.70%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
Perf-task-clock-1024          1.38k ±14%        1.07k ± 2%  -21.85%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)

[1] "Idle Ps" here refers to _Pidle Ps in the sched.pidle list. In other
contexts, Ps may temporarily transition through _Pidle (e.g., in
handoffp); those Ps may have work.

Updates #28808
Updates #18237

Change-Id: Ieeb958bd72e7d8fb375b0b1f414e8d7378b14e29
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/259578
Run-TryBot: Michael Pratt <mpratt@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Go Bot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Michael Knyszek <mknyszek@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Austin Clements <austin@google.com>
Trust: Michael Pratt <mpratt@google.com>

1 files changed, 10 insertions, 2 deletions

diff --git a/src/runtime/runtime2.go b/src/runtime/runtime2.go
index 519872b8e2..0758a35e01 100644
--- a/src/runtime/runtime2.go
+++ b/src/runtime/runtime2.go
@@ -1035,14 +1035,22 @@ func (w waitReason) String() string {
 var (
 	allglen    uintptr
 	allm       *m
-	allp       []*p  // len(allp) == gomaxprocs; may change at safe points, otherwise immutable
-	allpLock   mutex // Protects P-less reads of allp and all writes
 	gomaxprocs int32
 	ncpu       int32
 	forcegc    forcegcstate
 	sched      schedt
 	newprocs   int32
 
+	// allpLock protects P-less reads and size changes of allp and
+	// idlepMask, and all writes to allp.
+	allpLock mutex
+	// len(allp) == gomaxprocs; may change at safe points, otherwise
+	// immutable.
+	allp []*p
+	// Bitmask of Ps in _Pidle list, one bit per P. Reads and writes must
+	// be atomic. Length may change at safe points.
+	idlepMask pIdleMask
+
 	// Information about what cpu features are available.
 	// Packages outside the runtime should not use these
 	// as they are not an external api.