[dev.cmdgo] all: merge master (5e6a7e9) into dev.cmdgo

Merge List:

+ 2021-08-26 5e6a7e9b86 embed: remove reference to global variables in docs
+ 2021-08-26 166b691b65 cmd/compile/internal/types2: remove need for instance (struct)
+ 2021-08-26 d6bdae33e9 cmd/compile/internal/types2: address some TODOs (cleanup)
+ 2021-08-26 770df2e18d crypto/tls: fix typo in PreferServerCipherSuites comment
+ 2021-08-26 a6ff433d6a cmd/go: pass -gcflags after other flags generated by the go command
+ 2021-08-25 4f2620285d cmd/compile/internal/types2: fix type set printing and add test
+ 2021-08-25 0ac64f6d70 cmd/compile/internal/types2: rename IsMethodSet to IsConstraint (cleanup)
+ 2021-08-25 4068fb6c21 cmd/compile: always accept 1.18 syntax but complain if not 1.18
+ 2021-08-25 bf0bc4122f go/types, types2: don't re-evaluate context string for each function argument (optimization)
+ 2021-08-25 4158e88f64 cmd/compile/internal/syntax: fix position of type parameter field
+ 2021-08-25 647bef6c59 go/types: implement NewTypeList and use it instead of composite literals
+ 2021-08-25 6cf1d5d0fa cmd/compile: generic SSA rules for simplifying 2 and 3 operand integer arithmetic expressions
+ 2021-08-25 5baf60d472 bytes, strings: optimize Trim for single byte cutsets
+ 2021-08-25 3d667671ad cmd/compile: fix function contains no TParam in generic function
+ 2021-08-25 4f2ebfe34b cmd/compile: allow embed into any byte slice type
+ 2021-08-25 d2f002cb39 time/format: avoid growslice in time.String()/time.GoString()
+ 2021-08-25 08d4cc20ca cmd/compile: fix stencil call expression.
+ 2021-08-25 099b819085 cmd/compile: fix CheckSize() calculation for -G=3 and stencils
+ 2021-08-25 e1fcf8857e test: add test that caused gofrontend compiler crash
+ 2021-08-25 d37b8dedf7 test: add test case that gofrontend miscompiled
+ 2021-08-25 41b99dab0f os/user: don't skip TestLookupGroup if supported
+ 2021-08-25 de1c934b97 cmd/compile: fix checkptr false positive for (*[Big]T)(ptr)[:n:n] pattern
+ 2021-08-24 54cdef1f10 reflect: add MapIter.SetKey and MapIter.SetValue
+ 2021-08-24 5d863f89fe cmd/compile: simplify bad conversion check

Change-Id: I29ab927f0e47f44d82f9307c642900f75f4f678f

26 files changed, 254 insertions, 133 deletions

diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/call.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/call.go
index 538fdc0fb7..0b062b4c94 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/call.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/call.go
@@ -15,6 +15,10 @@ import (
 // funcInst type-checks a function instantiation inst and returns the result in x.
 // The operand x must be the evaluation of inst.X and its type must be a signature.
 func (check *Checker) funcInst(x *operand, inst *syntax.IndexExpr) {
+	if !check.allowVersion(check.pkg, 1, 18) {
+		check.softErrorf(inst.Pos(), "function instantiation requires go1.18 or later")
+	}
+
 	xlist := unpackExpr(inst.Index)
 	targs := check.typeList(xlist)
 	if targs == nil {
@@ -318,6 +322,13 @@ func (check *Checker) arguments(call *syntax.CallExpr, sig *Signature, targs []T
 
 	// infer type arguments and instantiate signature if necessary
 	if sig.TParams().Len() > 0 {
+		if !check.allowVersion(check.pkg, 1, 18) {
+			if iexpr, _ := call.Fun.(*syntax.IndexExpr); iexpr != nil {
+				check.softErrorf(iexpr.Pos(), "function instantiation requires go1.18 or later")
+			} else {
+				check.softErrorf(call.Pos(), "implicit function instantiation requires go1.18 or later")
+			}
+		}
 		// TODO(gri) provide position information for targs so we can feed
 		//           it to the instantiate call for better error reporting
 		targs := check.infer(call.Pos(), sig.TParams().list(), targs, sigParams, args, true)
@@ -341,8 +352,11 @@ func (check *Checker) arguments(call *syntax.CallExpr, sig *Signature, targs []T
 	}
 
 	// check arguments
-	for i, a := range args {
-		check.assignment(a, sigParams.vars[i].typ, check.sprintf("argument to %s", call.Fun))
+	if len(args) > 0 {
+		context := check.sprintf("argument to %s", call.Fun)
+		for i, a := range args {
+			check.assignment(a, sigParams.vars[i].typ, context)
+		}
 	}
 
 	return
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/check_test.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/check_test.go
index 41b0c54702..bc68e76407 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/check_test.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/check_test.go
@@ -20,9 +20,6 @@
 //		_ = x /* ERROR "not declared" */ + 1
 //	}
 
-// TODO(gri) Also collect strict mode errors of the form /* STRICT ... */
-//           and test against strict mode.
-
 package types2_test
 
 import (
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/decl.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/decl.go
index 342e1090de..d7a33546aa 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/decl.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/decl.go
@@ -514,11 +514,26 @@ func (check *Checker) varDecl(obj *Var, lhs []*Var, typ, init syntax.Expr) {
 	check.initVars(lhs, []syntax.Expr{init}, nopos)
 }
 
+// isImportedConstraint reports whether typ is an imported type constraint.
+func (check *Checker) isImportedConstraint(typ Type) bool {
+	named, _ := typ.(*Named)
+	if named == nil || named.obj.pkg == check.pkg || named.obj.pkg == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	u, _ := named.under().(*Interface)
+	return u != nil && u.IsConstraint()
+}
+
 func (check *Checker) typeDecl(obj *TypeName, tdecl *syntax.TypeDecl, def *Named) {
 	assert(obj.typ == nil)
 
+	var rhs Type
 	check.later(func() {
 		check.validType(obj.typ, nil)
+		// If typ is local, an error was already reported where typ is specified/defined.
+		if check.isImportedConstraint(rhs) && !check.allowVersion(check.pkg, 1, 18) {
+			check.errorf(tdecl.Type.Pos(), "using type constraint %s requires go1.18 or later", rhs)
+		}
 	})
 
 	alias := tdecl.Alias
@@ -540,7 +555,8 @@ func (check *Checker) typeDecl(obj *TypeName, tdecl *syntax.TypeDecl, def *Named
 		}
 
 		obj.typ = Typ[Invalid]
-		obj.typ = check.anyType(tdecl.Type)
+		rhs = check.anyType(tdecl.Type)
+		obj.typ = rhs
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -555,8 +571,9 @@ func (check *Checker) typeDecl(obj *TypeName, tdecl *syntax.TypeDecl, def *Named
 	}
 
 	// determine underlying type of named
-	named.fromRHS = check.definedType(tdecl.Type, named)
-	assert(named.fromRHS != nil)
+	rhs = check.definedType(tdecl.Type, named)
+	assert(rhs != nil)
+	named.fromRHS = rhs
 	// The underlying type of named may be itself a named type that is
 	// incomplete:
 	//
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/expr.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/expr.go
index d108093dac..86a8444ee2 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/expr.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/expr.go
@@ -127,9 +127,7 @@ func (check *Checker) overflow(x *operand) {
 }
 
 // opName returns the name of an operation, or the empty string.
-// For now, only operations that might overflow are handled.
-// TODO(gri) Expand this to a general mechanism giving names to
-//           nodes?
+// Only operations that might overflow are handled.
 func opName(e *syntax.Operation) string {
 	op := int(e.Op)
 	if e.Y == nil {
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/hilbert_test.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/hilbert_test.go
index 9f9dad6b64..03fea4fe7c 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/hilbert_test.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/hilbert_test.go
@@ -29,8 +29,7 @@ func TestHilbert(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// parse source
-	// TODO(gri) get rid of []bytes to string conversion below
-	f, err := parseSrc("hilbert.go", string(src))
+	f, err := syntax.Parse(syntax.NewFileBase("hilbert.go"), bytes.NewReader(src), nil, nil, 0)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/instantiate.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/instantiate.go
index 8bea63ec86..f9cde24dfc 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/instantiate.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/instantiate.go
@@ -122,27 +122,26 @@ func (check *Checker) instantiate(pos syntax.Pos, typ Type, targs []Type, posLis
 // instance creates a type or function instance using the given original type
 // typ and arguments targs. For Named types the resulting instance will be
 // unexpanded.
-func (check *Checker) instance(pos syntax.Pos, typ Type, targs []Type) (res Type) {
-	// TODO(gri) What is better here: work with TypeParams, or work with TypeNames?
+func (check *Checker) instance(pos syntax.Pos, typ Type, targs []Type) Type {
 	switch t := typ.(type) {
 	case *Named:
 		h := instantiatedHash(t, targs)
 		if check != nil {
-			// typ may already have been instantiated with identical type arguments. In
-			// that case, re-use the existing instance.
+			// typ may already have been instantiated with identical type arguments.
+			// In that case, re-use the existing instance.
 			if named := check.typMap[h]; named != nil {
 				return named
 			}
 		}
-
 		tname := NewTypeName(pos, t.obj.pkg, t.obj.name, nil)
 		named := check.newNamed(tname, t, nil, nil, nil) // methods and tparams are set when named is loaded
 		named.targs = NewTypeList(targs)
-		named.instance = &instance{pos}
+		named.instPos = &pos
 		if check != nil {
 			check.typMap[h] = named
 		}
-		res = named
+		return named
+
 	case *Signature:
 		tparams := t.TParams()
 		if !check.validateTArgLen(pos, tparams.Len(), len(targs)) {
@@ -151,30 +150,22 @@ func (check *Checker) instance(pos syntax.Pos, typ Type, targs []Type) (res Type
 		if tparams.Len() == 0 {
 			return typ // nothing to do (minor optimization)
 		}
-		defer func() {
-			// If we had an unexpected failure somewhere don't panic below when
-			// asserting res.(*Signature). Check for *Signature in case Typ[Invalid]
-			// is returned.
-			if _, ok := res.(*Signature); !ok {
-				return
-			}
-			// If the signature doesn't use its type parameters, subst
-			// will not make a copy. In that case, make a copy now (so
-			// we can set tparams to nil w/o causing side-effects).
-			if t == res {
-				copy := *t
-				res = &copy
-			}
-			// After instantiating a generic signature, it is not generic
-			// anymore; we need to set tparams to nil.
-			res.(*Signature).tparams = nil
-		}()
-		res = check.subst(pos, typ, makeSubstMap(tparams.list(), targs), nil)
-	default:
-		// only types and functions can be generic
-		panic(fmt.Sprintf("%v: cannot instantiate %v", pos, typ))
+		sig := check.subst(pos, typ, makeSubstMap(tparams.list(), targs), nil).(*Signature)
+		// If the signature doesn't use its type parameters, subst
+		// will not make a copy. In that case, make a copy now (so
+		// we can set tparams to nil w/o causing side-effects).
+		if sig == t {
+			copy := *sig
+			sig = &copy
+		}
+		// After instantiating a generic signature, it is not generic
+		// anymore; we need to set tparams to nil.
+		sig.tparams = nil
+		return sig
 	}
-	return res
+
+	// only types and functions can be generic
+	panic(fmt.Sprintf("%v: cannot instantiate %v", pos, typ))
 }
 
 // validateTArgLen verifies that the length of targs and tparams matches,
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/interface.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/interface.go
index ccd3de0a6e..e57158d2d5 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/interface.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/interface.go
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ func (t *Interface) Empty() bool { return t.typeSet().IsAll() }
 func (t *Interface) IsComparable() bool { return t.typeSet().IsComparable() }
 
 // IsConstraint reports whether interface t is not just a method set.
-func (t *Interface) IsConstraint() bool { return !t.typeSet().IsMethodSet() }
+func (t *Interface) IsConstraint() bool { return t.typeSet().IsConstraint() }
 
 func (t *Interface) Underlying() Type { return t }
 func (t *Interface) String() string   { return TypeString(t, nil) }
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/named.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/named.go
index a3a2595a22..b4074aa3dc 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/named.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/named.go
@@ -9,8 +9,6 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 )
 
-// TODO(gri) Clean up Named struct below; specifically the fromRHS field (can we use underlying?).
-
 // A Named represents a named (defined) type.
 type Named struct {
 	check      *Checker
@@ -19,7 +17,7 @@ type Named struct {
 	orig       *Named      // original, uninstantiated type
 	fromRHS    Type        // type (on RHS of declaration) this *Named type is derived from (for cycle reporting)
 	underlying Type        // possibly a *Named during setup; never a *Named once set up completely
-	instance   *instance   // position information for lazy instantiation, or nil
+	instPos    *syntax.Pos // position information for lazy instantiation, or nil
 	tparams    *TParamList // type parameters, or nil
 	targs      *TypeList   // type arguments (after instantiation), or nil
 	methods    []*Func     // methods declared for this type (not the method set of this type); signatures are type-checked lazily
@@ -242,24 +240,16 @@ func (n *Named) setUnderlying(typ Type) {
 	}
 }
 
-// instance holds position information for use in lazy instantiation.
-//
-// TODO(rfindley): instance is probably unnecessary now. See if it can be
-// eliminated.
-type instance struct {
-	pos syntax.Pos // position of type instantiation; for error reporting only
-}
-
 // expand ensures that the underlying type of n is instantiated.
 // The underlying type will be Typ[Invalid] if there was an error.
 func (n *Named) expand(typMap map[string]*Named) *Named {
-	if n.instance != nil {
+	if n.instPos != nil {
 		// n must be loaded before instantiation, in order to have accurate
 		// tparams. This is done implicitly by the call to n.TParams, but making it
 		// explicit is harmless: load is idempotent.
 		n.load()
 		var u Type
-		if n.check.validateTArgLen(n.instance.pos, n.tparams.Len(), n.targs.Len()) {
+		if n.check.validateTArgLen(*n.instPos, n.tparams.Len(), n.targs.Len()) {
 			if typMap == nil {
 				if n.check != nil {
 					typMap = n.check.typMap
@@ -272,13 +262,13 @@ func (n *Named) expand(typMap map[string]*Named) *Named {
 					typMap = map[string]*Named{h: n}
 				}
 			}
-			u = n.check.subst(n.instance.pos, n.orig.underlying, makeSubstMap(n.TParams().list(), n.targs.list()), typMap)
+			u = n.check.subst(*n.instPos, n.orig.underlying, makeSubstMap(n.TParams().list(), n.targs.list()), typMap)
 		} else {
 			u = Typ[Invalid]
 		}
 		n.underlying = u
 		n.fromRHS = u
-		n.instance = nil
+		n.instPos = nil
 	}
 	return n
 }
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/resolver.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/resolver.go
index 018a20cfb2..34fbc3d41b 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/resolver.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/resolver.go
@@ -412,52 +412,60 @@ func (check *Checker) collectObjects() {
 				}
 
 			case *syntax.TypeDecl:
+				if len(s.TParamList) != 0 && !check.allowVersion(pkg, 1, 18) {
+					check.softErrorf(s.TParamList[0], "type parameters require go1.18 or later")
+				}
 				obj := NewTypeName(s.Name.Pos(), pkg, s.Name.Value, nil)
 				check.declarePkgObj(s.Name, obj, &declInfo{file: fileScope, tdecl: s})
 
 			case *syntax.FuncDecl:
-				d := s // TODO(gri) get rid of this
-				name := d.Name.Value
-				obj := NewFunc(d.Name.Pos(), pkg, name, nil)
-				if d.Recv == nil {
+				name := s.Name.Value
+				obj := NewFunc(s.Name.Pos(), pkg, name, nil)
+				hasTParamError := false // avoid duplicate type parameter errors
+				if s.Recv == nil {
 					// regular function
 					if name == "init" || name == "main" && pkg.name == "main" {
-						if d.TParamList != nil {
-							check.softErrorf(d, "func %s must have no type parameters", name)
+						if len(s.TParamList) != 0 {
+							check.softErrorf(s.TParamList[0], "func %s must have no type parameters", name)
+							hasTParamError = true
 						}
-						if t := d.Type; len(t.ParamList) != 0 || len(t.ResultList) != 0 {
-							check.softErrorf(d, "func %s must have no arguments and no return values", name)
+						if t := s.Type; len(t.ParamList) != 0 || len(t.ResultList) != 0 {
+							check.softErrorf(s, "func %s must have no arguments and no return values", name)
 						}
 					}
 					// don't declare init functions in the package scope - they are invisible
 					if name == "init" {
 						obj.parent = pkg.scope
-						check.recordDef(d.Name, obj)
+						check.recordDef(s.Name, obj)
 						// init functions must have a body
-						if d.Body == nil {
+						if s.Body == nil {
 							// TODO(gri) make this error message consistent with the others above
 							check.softErrorf(obj.pos, "missing function body")
 						}
 					} else {
-						check.declare(pkg.scope, d.Name, obj, nopos)
+						check.declare(pkg.scope, s.Name, obj, nopos)
 					}
 				} else {
 					// method
 					// d.Recv != nil
-					if !acceptMethodTypeParams && len(d.TParamList) != 0 {
+					if !acceptMethodTypeParams && len(s.TParamList) != 0 {
 						//check.error(d.TParamList.Pos(), invalidAST + "method must have no type parameters")
-						check.error(d, invalidAST+"method must have no type parameters")
+						check.error(s.TParamList[0], invalidAST+"method must have no type parameters")
+						hasTParamError = true
 					}
-					ptr, recv, _ := check.unpackRecv(d.Recv.Type, false)
+					ptr, recv, _ := check.unpackRecv(s.Recv.Type, false)
 					// (Methods with invalid receiver cannot be associated to a type, and
 					// methods with blank _ names are never found; no need to collect any
 					// of them. They will still be type-checked with all the other functions.)
 					if recv != nil && name != "_" {
 						methods = append(methods, methodInfo{obj, ptr, recv})
 					}
-					check.recordDef(d.Name, obj)
+					check.recordDef(s.Name, obj)
+				}
+				if len(s.TParamList) != 0 && !check.allowVersion(pkg, 1, 18) && !hasTParamError {
+					check.softErrorf(s.TParamList[0], "type parameters require go1.18 or later")
 				}
-				info := &declInfo{file: fileScope, fdecl: d}
+				info := &declInfo{file: fileScope, fdecl: s}
 				// Methods are not package-level objects but we still track them in the
 				// object map so that we can handle them like regular functions (if the
 				// receiver is invalid); also we need their fdecl info when associating
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/self_test.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/self_test.go
index 4722fec988..e0d2e1b07a 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/self_test.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/self_test.go
@@ -24,12 +24,7 @@ func TestSelf(t *testing.T) {
 	conf := Config{Importer: defaultImporter()}
 	_, err = conf.Check("cmd/compile/internal/types2", files, nil)
 	if err != nil {
-		// Importing go/constant doesn't work in the
-		// build dashboard environment. Don't report an error
-		// for now so that the build remains green.
-		// TODO(gri) fix this
-		t.Log(err) // replace w/ t.Fatal eventually
-		return
+		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/signature.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/signature.go
index f1bf60ae8e..d28e7b8944 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/signature.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/signature.go
@@ -150,12 +150,7 @@ func (check *Checker) funcType(sig *Signature, recvPar *syntax.Field, tparams []
 					// bound is (possibly) parameterized in the context of the
 					// receiver type declaration. Substitute parameters for the
 					// current context.
-					// TODO(gri) should we assume now that bounds always exist?
-					//           (no bound == empty interface)
-					if bound != nil {
-						bound = check.subst(tpar.obj.pos, bound, smap, nil)
-						tpar.bound = bound
-					}
+					tpar.bound = check.subst(tpar.obj.pos, bound, smap, nil)
 				}
 			}
 		}
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/stmt.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/stmt.go
index 7865c2d4f4..8cfdf92e67 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/stmt.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/stmt.go
@@ -52,11 +52,6 @@ func (check *Checker) funcBody(decl *declInfo, name string, sig *Signature, body
 		check.error(body.Rbrace, "missing return")
 	}
 
-	// TODO(gri) Should we make it an error to declare generic functions
-	//           where the type parameters are not used?
-	// 12/19/2018: Probably not - it can make sense to have an API with
-	//           all functions uniformly sharing the same type parameters.
-
 	// spec: "Implementation restriction: A compiler may make it illegal to
 	// declare a variable inside a function body if the variable is never used."
 	check.usage(sig.scope)
@@ -422,7 +417,6 @@ func (check *Checker) stmt(ctxt stmtContext, s syntax.Stmt) {
 		check.assignVar(lhs[0], &x)
 
 	case *syntax.CallStmt:
-		// TODO(gri) get rid of this conversion to string
 		kind := "go"
 		if s.Tok == syntax.Defer {
 			kind = "defer"
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/subst.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/subst.go
index 918e5f3043..ff8dd13b6d 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/subst.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/subst.go
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ func (m substMap) lookup(tpar *TypeParam) Type {
 // subst returns the type typ with its type parameters tpars replaced by the
 // corresponding type arguments targs, recursively. subst doesn't modify the
 // incoming type. If a substitution took place, the result type is different
-// from from the incoming type.
+// from the incoming type.
 //
 // If the given typMap is non-nil, it is used in lieu of check.typMap.
 func (check *Checker) subst(pos syntax.Pos, typ Type, smap substMap, typMap map[string]*Named) Type {
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/testdata/check/decls0.src b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/testdata/check/decls0.src
index f051a4f2ac..09e5d5c5ad 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/testdata/check/decls0.src
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/testdata/check/decls0.src
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ type (
 		m1(I5)
 	}
 	I6 interface {
-		S0 /* ERROR "not an interface" */
+		S0 /* ERROR "non-interface type S0" */
 	}
 	I7 interface {
 		I1
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/testdata/check/issues.src b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/testdata/check/issues.src
index 692ed37ef4..d83a95af0e 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/testdata/check/issues.src
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/testdata/check/issues.src
@@ -79,11 +79,11 @@ func issue9473(a []int, b ...int) {
 // Check that embedding a non-interface type in an interface results in a good error message.
 func issue10979() {
 	type _ interface {
-		int /* ERROR int is not an interface */
+		int /* ERROR non-interface type int */
 	}
 	type T struct{}
 	type _ interface {
-		T /* ERROR T is not an interface */
+		T /* ERROR non-interface type T */
 	}
 	type _ interface {
 		nosuchtype /* ERROR undeclared name: nosuchtype */
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ type issue25301b /* ERROR cycle */ = interface {
 }
 
 type issue25301c interface {
-	notE // ERROR struct\{\} is not an interface
+	notE // ERROR non-interface type struct\{\}
 }
 
 type notE = struct{}
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/testdata/check/main.go2 b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/testdata/check/main.go2
index b7ddeaa1a8..395e3bfec8 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/testdata/check/main.go2
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/testdata/check/main.go2
@@ -4,4 +4,4 @@
 
 package main
 
-func /* ERROR "func main must have no type parameters" */ main[T any]() {}
+func main [T /* ERROR "func main must have no type parameters" */ any]() {}
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/testdata/check/tinference.go2 b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/testdata/check/tinference.go2
index 0afb77c1e4..2409fef4ae 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/testdata/check/tinference.go2
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/testdata/check/tinference.go2
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ type any interface{}
 // 	f("a", "b", "c", "d")
 // 	f0("a", "b", "c", "d")
 // }
-// 
+//
 // func f1[A any, B interface{~A}](A, B)
 // func _() {
 // 	f := f1[int]
@@ -60,9 +60,7 @@ func _() {
 	var _ string = x
 }
 
-// TODO(gri) Need to flag invalid recursive constraints. At the
-// moment these cause infinite recursions and stack overflow.
-// func f7[A interface{type B}, B interface{~A}]()
+func f7[A interface{*B}, B interface{~*A}]() {}
 
 // More realistic examples
 
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/testdata/check/typeparams.go2 b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/testdata/check/typeparams.go2
index 1ad80b1e1b..765d561f3b 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/testdata/check/typeparams.go2
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/testdata/check/typeparams.go2
@@ -304,8 +304,8 @@ var _ = f8[int, float64](0, 0, nil...) // test case for #18268
 // init functions cannot have type parameters
 
 func init() {}
-func init[/* ERROR func init must have no type parameters */ _ any]() {}
-func init[/* ERROR func init must have no type parameters */ P any]() {}
+func init[_ /* ERROR func init must have no type parameters */ any]() {}
+func init[P /* ERROR func init must have no type parameters */ any]() {}
 
 type T struct {}
 
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/testdata/fixedbugs/issue47818.go2 b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/testdata/fixedbugs/issue47818.go2
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5334695b5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/testdata/fixedbugs/issue47818.go2
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+// Parser accepts type parameters but the type checker
+// needs to report any operations that are not permitted
+// before Go 1.18.
+
+package go1_17
+
+type T[P /* ERROR type parameters require go1\.18 or later */ any] struct{}
+
+// for init (and main, but we're not in package main) we should only get one error
+func init[P /* ERROR func init must have no type parameters */ any]()   {}
+func main[P /* ERROR type parameters require go1\.18 or later */ any]() {}
+
+func f[P /* ERROR type parameters require go1\.18 or later */ any](x P) {
+	var _ T[ /* ERROR type instantiation requires go1\.18 or later */ int]
+	var _ (T[ /* ERROR type instantiation requires go1\.18 or later */ int])
+	_ = T[ /* ERROR type instantiation requires go1\.18 or later */ int]{}
+	_ = T[ /* ERROR type instantiation requires go1\.18 or later */ int](struct{}{})
+}
+
+func (T[ /* ERROR type instantiation requires go1\.18 or later */ P]) g(x int) {
+	f[ /* ERROR function instantiation requires go1\.18 or later */ int](0)     // explicit instantiation
+	(f[ /* ERROR function instantiation requires go1\.18 or later */ int])(0)   // parentheses (different code path)
+	f( /* ERROR implicit function instantiation requires go1\.18 or later */ x) // implicit instantiation
+}
+
+type C1 interface {
+	comparable // ERROR undeclared name: comparable \(requires version go1\.18 or later\)
+}
+
+type C2 interface {
+	comparable // ERROR undeclared name: comparable \(requires version go1\.18 or later\)
+	int        // ERROR embedding non-interface type int requires go1\.18 or later
+	~ /* ERROR embedding interface element ~int requires go1\.18 or later */ int
+	int /* ERROR embedding interface element int\|~string requires go1\.18 or later */ | ~string
+}
+
+type _ interface {
+	// errors for these were reported with their declaration
+	C1
+	C2
+}
+
+type (
+	_ comparable // ERROR undeclared name: comparable \(requires version go1\.18 or later\)
+	// errors for these were reported with their declaration
+	_ C1
+	_ C2
+
+	_ = comparable // ERROR undeclared name: comparable \(requires version go1\.18 or later\)
+	// errors for these were reported with their declaration
+	_ = C1
+	_ = C2
+)
+
+// TODO(gri) need test cases for imported constraint types (see also issue #47967)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/tuple.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/tuple.go
index a3946beab5..1356aae0b0 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/tuple.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/tuple.go
@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@ func NewTuple(x ...*Var) *Tuple {
 	if len(x) > 0 {
 		return &Tuple{vars: x}
 	}
-	// TODO(gri) Don't represent empty tuples with a (*Tuple)(nil) pointer;
-	//           it's too subtle and causes problems.
 	return nil
 }
 
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/type.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/type.go
index 4b8642aa96..ca5ecdc434 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/type.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/type.go
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ func (t *top) String() string   { return TypeString(t, nil) }
 // under must only be called when a type is known
 // to be fully set up.
 func under(t Type) Type {
-	// TODO(gri) is this correct for *Union?
 	if n := asNamed(t); n != nil {
 		return n.under()
 	}
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/typeset.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/typeset.go
index 14596b68a3..ae39f26e4f 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/typeset.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/typeset.go
@@ -30,10 +30,8 @@ func (s *_TypeSet) IsAll() bool {
 	return !s.comparable && len(s.methods) == 0 && s.terms.isAll()
 }
 
-// TODO(gri) IsMethodSet is not a great name for this predicate. Find a better one.
-
-// IsMethodSet reports whether the type set s is described by a single set of methods.
-func (s *_TypeSet) IsMethodSet() bool { return !s.comparable && s.terms.isAll() }
+// IsConstraint reports whether type set s is not just a set of methods.
+func (s *_TypeSet) IsConstraint() bool { return s.comparable || !s.terms.isAll() }
 
 // IsComparable reports whether each type in the set is comparable.
 func (s *_TypeSet) IsComparable() bool {
@@ -79,26 +77,24 @@ func (s *_TypeSet) String() string {
 	var buf bytes.Buffer
 	buf.WriteByte('{')
 	if s.comparable {
-		buf.WriteString(" comparable")
+		buf.WriteString("comparable")
 		if hasMethods || hasTerms {
-			buf.WriteByte(';')
+			buf.WriteString("; ")
 		}
 	}
 	for i, m := range s.methods {
 		if i > 0 {
-			buf.WriteByte(';')
+			buf.WriteString("; ")
 		}
-		buf.WriteByte(' ')
 		buf.WriteString(m.String())
 	}
 	if hasMethods && hasTerms {
-		buf.WriteByte(';')
+		buf.WriteString("; ")
 	}
 	if hasTerms {
 		buf.WriteString(s.terms.String())
 	}
-	buf.WriteString(" }") // there was at least one method or term
-
+	buf.WriteString("}")
 	return buf.String()
 }
 
@@ -271,6 +267,11 @@ func computeInterfaceTypeSet(check *Checker, pos syntax.Pos, ityp *Interface) *_
 		switch u := under(typ).(type) {
 		case *Interface:
 			tset := computeInterfaceTypeSet(check, pos, u)
+			// If typ is local, an error was already reported where typ is specified/defined.
+			if check != nil && check.isImportedConstraint(typ) && !check.allowVersion(check.pkg, 1, 18) {
+				check.errorf(pos, "embedding constraint interface %s requires go1.18 or later", typ)
+				continue
+			}
 			if tset.comparable {
 				ityp.tset.comparable = true
 			}
@@ -279,6 +280,10 @@ func computeInterfaceTypeSet(check *Checker, pos syntax.Pos, ityp *Interface) *_
 			}
 			terms = tset.terms
 		case *Union:
+			if check != nil && !check.allowVersion(check.pkg, 1, 18) {
+				check.errorf(pos, "embedding interface element %s requires go1.18 or later", u)
+				continue
+			}
 			tset := computeUnionTypeSet(check, pos, u)
 			if tset == &invalidTypeSet {
 				continue // ignore invalid unions
@@ -293,7 +298,7 @@ func computeInterfaceTypeSet(check *Checker, pos syntax.Pos, ityp *Interface) *_
 				continue
 			}
 			if check != nil && !check.allowVersion(check.pkg, 1, 18) {
-				check.errorf(pos, "%s is not an interface", typ)
+				check.errorf(pos, "embedding non-interface type %s requires go1.18 or later", typ)
 				continue
 			}
 			terms = termlist{{false, typ}}
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/typeset_test.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/typeset_test.go
index 0e14d523c8..7f7cc06db9 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/typeset_test.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/typeset_test.go
@@ -4,7 +4,11 @@
 
 package types2
 
-import "testing"
+import (
+	"cmd/compile/internal/syntax"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
 
 func TestInvalidTypeSet(t *testing.T) {
 	if !invalidTypeSet.IsEmpty() {
@@ -12,4 +16,65 @@ func TestInvalidTypeSet(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestTypeSetString(t *testing.T) {
+	for body, want := range map[string]string{
+		"{}":            "𝓤",
+		"{int}":         "{int}",
+		"{~int}":        "{~int}",
+		"{int|string}":  "{int ∪ string}",
+		"{int; string}": "∅",
+
+		"{comparable}":              "{comparable}",
+		"{comparable; int}":         "{comparable; int}",
+		"{~int; comparable}":        "{comparable; ~int}",
+		"{int|string; comparable}":  "{comparable; int ∪ string}",
+		"{comparable; int; string}": "∅",
+
+		"{m()}":                         "{func (p.T).m()}",
+		"{m1(); m2() int }":             "{func (p.T).m1(); func (p.T).m2() int}",
+		"{error}":                       "{func (error).Error() string}",
+		"{m(); comparable}":             "{comparable; func (p.T).m()}",
+		"{m1(); comparable; m2() int }": "{comparable; func (p.T).m1(); func (p.T).m2() int}",
+		"{comparable; error}":           "{comparable; func (error).Error() string}",
+
+		"{m(); comparable; int|float32|string}": "{comparable; func (p.T).m(); int ∪ float32 ∪ string}",
+		"{m1(); int; m2(); comparable }":        "{comparable; func (p.T).m1(); func (p.T).m2(); int}",
+
+		"{E}; type E interface{}":           "𝓤",
+		"{E}; type E interface{int;string}": "∅",
+		"{E}; type E interface{comparable}": "{comparable}",
+	} {
+		// parse
+		errh := func(error) {} // dummy error handler so that parsing continues in presence of errors
+		src := "package p; type T interface" + body
+		file, err := syntax.Parse(nil, strings.NewReader(src), errh, nil, syntax.AllowGenerics)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: %v (invalid test case)", body, err)
+		}
+
+		// type check
+		var conf Config
+		pkg, err := conf.Check(file.PkgName.Value, []*syntax.File{file}, nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: %v (invalid test case)", body, err)
+		}
+
+		// lookup T
+		obj := pkg.scope.Lookup("T")
+		if obj == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: T not found (invalid test case)", body)
+		}
+		T, ok := under(obj.Type()).(*Interface)
+		if !ok {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: %v is not an interface (invalid test case)", body, obj)
+		}
+
+		// verify test case
+		got := T.typeSet().String()
+		if got != want {
+			t.Errorf("%s: got %s; want %s", body, got, want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 // TODO(gri) add more tests
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/typestring.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/typestring.go
index 2c34d036db..1775fc6677 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/typestring.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/typestring.go
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ func writeType(buf *bytes.Buffer, typ Type, qf Qualifier, visited []Type) {
 		}
 
 	case *Named:
-		if t.instance != nil {
+		if t.instPos != nil {
 			buf.WriteByte(instanceMarker)
 		}
 		writeTypeName(buf, t.obj, qf)
@@ -279,6 +279,7 @@ func writeTParamList(buf *bytes.Buffer, list []*TypeParam, qf Qualifier, visited
 
 func writeTypeName(buf *bytes.Buffer, obj *TypeName, qf Qualifier) {
 	if obj == nil {
+		assert(instanceHashing == 0) // we need an object for instance hashing
 		buf.WriteString("<Named w/o object>")
 		return
 	}
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/typexpr.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/typexpr.go
index 241c6d35fe..6938648bbc 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/typexpr.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/typexpr.go
@@ -38,14 +38,12 @@ func (check *Checker) ident(x *operand, e *syntax.Name, def *Named, wantType boo
 		}
 		return
 	case universeAny, universeComparable:
+		// complain if necessary but keep going
 		if !check.allowVersion(check.pkg, 1, 18) {
-			check.errorf(e, "undeclared name: %s (requires version go1.18 or later)", e.Value)
-			return
-		}
-		// If we allow "any" for general use, this if-statement can be removed (issue #33232).
-		if obj == universeAny {
-			check.error(e, "cannot use any outside constraint position")
-			return
+			check.softErrorf(e, "undeclared name: %s (requires version go1.18 or later)", e.Value)
+		} else if obj == universeAny {
+			// If we allow "any" for general use, this if-statement can be removed (issue #33232).
+			check.softErrorf(e, "cannot use any outside constraint position")
 		}
 	}
 	check.recordUse(e, obj)
@@ -153,7 +151,7 @@ func (check *Checker) ordinaryType(pos syntax.Pos, typ Type) {
 	check.later(func() {
 		if t := asInterface(typ); t != nil {
 			tset := computeInterfaceTypeSet(check, pos, t) // TODO(gri) is this the correct position?
-			if !tset.IsMethodSet() {
+			if tset.IsConstraint() {
 				if tset.comparable {
 					check.softErrorf(pos, "interface is (or embeds) comparable")
 				} else {
@@ -274,6 +272,9 @@ func (check *Checker) typInternal(e0 syntax.Expr, def *Named) (T Type) {
 		}
 
 	case *syntax.IndexExpr:
+		if !check.allowVersion(check.pkg, 1, 18) {
+			check.softErrorf(e.Pos(), "type instantiation requires go1.18 or later")
+		}
 		return check.instantiatedType(e.X, unpackExpr(e.Index), def)
 
 	case *syntax.ParenExpr:
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/unify.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/unify.go
index d4fbebc11b..72542e7d2e 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/unify.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/types2/unify.go
@@ -433,9 +433,6 @@ func (u *unifier) nify(x, y Type, p *ifacePair) bool {
 			xargs := x.targs.list()
 			yargs := y.targs.list()
 
-			// TODO(gri) This is not always correct: two types may have the same names
-			//           in the same package if one of them is nested in a function.
-			//           Extremely unlikely but we need an always correct solution.
 			if x.obj.pkg == y.obj.pkg && x.obj.name == y.obj.name {
 				assert(len(xargs) == len(yargs))
 				for i, x := range xargs {